Randolph County is a place with a long and unique history. This history continues to shape the community’s values and way of life.
The first white settlers in what became Randolph County were Thomas W. and Anne Parker and their family, Quakers from Carolina, who arrived in 1814.
The Indiana General Assembly authorized the formation of Randolph County in 1818, naming it after North Carolina, home of many of the area’s Quaker settlers. The county’s government was organized in August 1818 in the cabin of Benjamin Cox, a prominent Quaker who was a native of Randolph County, North Carolina. Five early settlers donated land for a county seat in 1818. Winchester, almost certainly named for Winchester, Virginia, was platted upon the site the same year and has remained the county seat for nearly two centuries.
Randolph County’s early history is distinguished by its embrace of abolitionism. Union Literary Institute, a racially-integrated school in the southeastern part of the county, was established in 1845. The county was home to three distinct settlements of free African-Americans, and numerous pieces of documentary evidence exist to that show that the county was an important part of the Underground Railroad.
The period immediately before and just after the Civil War brought prosperity to Randolph County. Railroads created or revived all of the county’s other important towns: Farmland, Losantville, Lynn, Modoc, Parker City, Ridgeville, Saratoga, and Union City.
The discovery of oil and natural gas in the 1880s and 1890s brought industry. Winchester was dominated by the glass industry, while Union City’s industries were dominated by auto parts manufacturing. These activities remain important today.
Since Indiana was a political swing state during the Gilded Age, as a reliably Republican county, Randolph County took on new importance. Between 1850 and 1930, Randolph County produced one U. S. Senator, one U. S. Congressman, two Indiana Governors, one Indiana Lieutenant Governor, three Indiana Secretaries of State, and one Indiana Superintendent of Public Instruction.
The best known of the county’s political leaders were Governor James P. Goodrich, who served from 1917 until 1921, and U. S. Senator James E. Watson, who served from 1916 until 1933. Watson served as U. S. Senate Majority Leader from 1929 until 1933 and launched his unsuccessful bid for the Presidency from Winchester High.
School’s gymnasium in 1928.
Two of the county’s most enduring symbols - the Italianate third Courthouse (1876) and the Soldiers’ Monument (1892) - were built during the last half of the nineteenth century. The courthouse went through a major renovation in 2012 and 2013.
Urbanization has contributed to a gradual decline in the county’s rural population for over a century. One answer to this decline was the “Country Life Movement,” typified in Randolph County by the movement toward consolidation of one-room schools into rural consolidated high schools. Randolph County led the nation in this movement for a decade under the leadership of its progressive County Superintendent of Schools, Lee L. Driver, who was dubbed the "greatest exponent of the movement" by Boston’s Journal of Education in 1933.
Like many other rural counties in the Midwest, Randolph County has suffered through economic hardship and industrial decline in recent decades. Within the last twenty years, renewed activities in economic development, tourism, historic preservation, and cultural attractions have brought new life to Randolph County, which remains proud of its past and hopeful about its future.